Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Security Dialogue
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Moshirzadeh, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Discursive Foundations of Iran's Nuclear Policy

Homeira Moshirzadeh

Department of International Relations, University of Tehran, Iran

During the last few years, Iran's nuclear policy has become one of the most important issues in international relations. Some aspects of this policy have been more or less constant, while others have changed dramatically. `Rationalist' explanations cannot provide a fully consistent account of Iran's nuclear policy. This article attempts to explain the policy and its continuities and changes on the basis of a discursive approach, in which the constitutive effects of domestic meaning structures on the state's identity, and hence its preferences, are more emphasized. The main argument is that three discourses that contributed to the constitution of the identity of the 1978—79 revolutionary movement and later the identity of the Islamic Republic have made Iran's nuclear policy possible. Discourses of independence and justice give meaning to Iran's persistence in following its nuclear program, and a discourse of resistance can explain its recent less flexible and more confrontationist policies.

Key Words: Iran • nuclear policy • foreign policy discourse • independence • justice

References

  • Abrahamian, Ervand, 1982. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Algar, Hamid, 1969. Religion and State in Iran: The Role of Ulama in the Qajar Period. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Beeman, William O., 2005. `Great Satan' Versus `Mad Mullahs': How the United States and Iran Demonize Each Other. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Betts, Richard K., 1979. `Incentives for Nuclear Weapons: India, Pakistan, Iran ', Asian Survey 19(11): 1053—1072.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Bowen, Wyn Q. & Joanna Kidd, 2004. `The Iranian Nuclear Challenge', International Affairs 80(2): 257—276.
  • Bull, Hedley, 1977. The Anarchical Society. London: Macmillan.
  • Campbell, David, 1992. Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
  • CBS News, 2006. `Bush: Iran Nuclear Program Worries World', 28 April; available at http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/28/ap/politics/mainD8H97F9GC.shtml (accessed 20 November 2006).
  • Chubin, Shahram & Robert S. Litwak, 2003. `Debating Iran's Nuclear Aspirations', Washington Quarterly 26(4): 99—114.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Dehnavi, M., ed., [1360] 1981. Majmooei az maktoobat, sokhanraniha, payamha, va fatawaye emam khomeini [A Collection of Imam Khomeini's Written Statements, Speeches, Messages, and Fatwas]. Tehran: Chapakhsh.
  • Doty, Roxanne L., 1993. `Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis of US Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines', International Studies Quarterly 37(3): 297—320.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Ehteshami, Anoushiravan, 2002. `The Foreign Policy of Iran', in Raymond Hinnebusch & Anoushiravan Ehteshami, eds, The Foreign Policies of Middle East States. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner (283—310).
  • Farhi, Farideh, 2004. `To Sign or Not To Sign: Iran's Evolving Debate on Nuclear Options', in Geoffrey Kemp, ed., Iran's Bomb: American and Iranian Perspectives. Washington, DC: Nixon Center (32—50); available at http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/monographs/IransBomb.pdf (accessed 10 September 2005).
  • Farhi, Farideh, 2005. `Iran's Nuclear File: The Uncertain Endgame', Middle East Report Online, 24 October; available at http://www.merip.org/mero/mero102405.html (accessed 20 November 2005).
  • Firooz, Maryam, n.d. Chehrehaye derakhshan mobarezan iran [Iranian Challengers: Brilliant Figures]. N.p.: Honar Pishro.
  • Foran, John, 1993. Fragile Resistance: Social Transformation in Iran from 1500 to the Revolution. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • Fuller, Graham, 1991. The `Center of the Universe': The Geopolitics of Iran. Boulder, CO: Westview.
  • The Guardian (London), 2006. `ElBaradei Backs Iran Negotiations', 13 April; available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1752932,00.html (accessed 19 August 2007).
  • Hadian, Nasser, 2004. `Iran's Nuclear Program: Context and Debates', in Geoffrey Kemp, ed., Iran's Bomb: American and Iranian Perspectives. Washington, DC: Nixon Center (51— 67); available at http://www.nixoncenter.org/publications/monographs/IransBomb.pdf (accessed 10 September 2005).
  • Holsti, K.J., [1970] 1987. `National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy', in Stephen G. Walker, ed., Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. Durham: Duke University Press (4—43).
  • Hunter, Shireen, 1990. Iran and the World: Continuity in a Revolutionary Decade. Bloomington & Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press.
  • Iran (Tehran), [1384] 2005. `Harekat-e nadorost-e oroopa va amrica hazineh ziadi bar jahan tahmil khahad kard' [Wrong Moves by Europe and America Will Impose High Costs on the World], [9 Mehr] 1 October; available at http://www.iran-newspaper.com/1384/840709/pdf/i1.pdf (accessed 19 August 2007).
  • Iran Daily Newspaper (Tehran), 2005. `20-Year Vision: Opportunities and Challenges', 29 November; available at http://www.iran-daily.com/1385/2720/html/focus.htm.
  • Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) (Tehran), [ 1384] 2005. `Bahonar: paziresh qatnameh-ye shoraye hokkam beh manaye paziresh qaradad-e turkmenchai-e dovvom ast' [Bahonar: Accepting the [IAEA] Board of Governors' Resolution Means Accepting a Second Turkmenchai Treaty], [8 Mehr] 30 September; available at: http://www.isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-590465 (accessed 20 November 2006).
  • Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) (Tehran), [ 1384] 2006. `Yek karshenas-e masa'el-e beinolmelal: dar safar-e hey'at-e roosieh beh Tehran ab'ad-e mokhtalef-e idée Moscow mosahakhas mishavad, paziresh-e ta'liq mandan tahqhigh-e hastei noee Turkmenchai elmi ast' [An Expert in International Affairs: Various Aspects of Moscow's Ideas Will Be Clarified During the Vist by the Russian Delegation; Accepting the Suspension of Nuclear Research Is a Kind of Scientific Turkmenchai]; available at http://www.isna.ir/Main/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-646170 (accessed 20 November 2006).
  • Isenberg, David, 2005. `The Fuel Behind Iran's Nuclear Drive', Asia Times (Hong Kong), 24 August; available at http://www.atimes.com/atimes?Middle_East/GH24Ak02.html (accessed 25 August 2005).
  • Jami, n.d. Gozashtah cheraq rah ayandeh ast [Past as the Guide to the Future]. N.p.: Jami.
  • Kamali, Ali, [1358] 1979. Enghelab [The Revolution]. N.p.: publisher unknown.
  • Keddie, Nikki R., 1981. Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Keddie, Nikki R., ed., 1984. Religion and Politics in Iran: Shi'ism from Quietism to Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Kemp, Geoffrey, 2003. `How To Stop Iranian Bomb?', The National Interest 72: 48—58.
  • Khawas, Mohammad El-, 2005. `Iran's Nuclear Controversy: Prospects for a Diplomatic Solution', Mediterranean Quarterly (Fall): 20—41.
  • Khomeini, Rouhollah (Ayatollah), [1361] 1982. Sahifeh noor: majmoo rahnemoodhaye emam khomeini [A Collection of Imam Khomeini's Guidelines], vol. 12. Tehran: Sazman Madarek Farhangi Enghelab Eslami.
  • Khomeini, Rouhollah (Ayatollah), [1362] 1983. Dar jostojooye rah az kalam emam: estemar va abarghodratha [Finding the Path in the Imam's Statements: Colonialism and Superpowers]. Tehran: Amir Kabir.
  • Khomeini, Rouhollah (Ayatollah), [1363] 1984. Talieh enghelab eslami: Mosahebehay imam khomeini dar najaf, paris va qom [The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: Imam Khomeini's Interviews in Najaf, Paris, and Qom]. Tehran: publisher unknown.
  • Khomeini, Rouhollah (Ayatollah), [1365] 1986. Sahifeh noor: majmoo rahnemoodhaye emam khomeini [A Collection of Imam Khomeini's Guidelines], vol. 18. Tehran: Sazman Madarek Farhangi Enghelab Eslami.
  • Khomeini, Rouhollah (Ayatollah), [1371] 1992. Sahifeh noor: majmoo rahnemoodhaye emam khomeini [A Collection of Imam Khomeini's Guidelines], vol. 22. Tehran: Sazman Madarek Farhangi Enghelab Eslami.
  • Kubalkova, Vendulka, 2001. `Foreign Policy, International Politics, and Constructivism ', in Vendulka Kubalkova, ed., Foreign Policy in a Constructed World. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe (15—37).
  • Larsen, Henrik, 1997. Foreign Policy and Discourse Analysis: France, Britain, and Europe. London: Routledge.
  • Larsen, Henrik, 1999. `British and Danish European Policies in the 1990s: A Discourse Approach', European Journal of International Relations 5(4): 451—483.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Lieven, Anatol, 2006. `How To Get Out of the Iran Trap', Washington Post, 12 April.
  • Maleki, Khalil, [1378] 1999. Nehzat melli iran va edalat ejtemai [Iranian National Movement and Social Justice], compiled and edited by Abdollah Borhan. Tehran: Nashr Markaz.
  • Mashayekhi, Mehrdad, 1992. `The Politics of Nationalism and Political Culture ', in Samih K. Farsoun & Mehrdad Mashayekhi, eds, Political Culture in the Islamic Republic. London & New York: Routledge (82—115).
  • MojtahedZadeh, Pirouz, [1383] 2004. `Rouhieh edalatkhahi va jaygah on dar hoviat melli iranian' [Justice-Seeking Spirit and Its Position in Iranian National Identity], in Davood MirMohammadi, ed., Hoviat melli dar iran [National Identity in Iran]. Tehran: Motale'at Melli (231—244).
  • Najmi, Nasser, [1373] 1994. Bazigaran siasi asr reza shahi va mohammadreza shahi [Political Actors in the Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Shah Era]. Tehran: Einstein.
  • Nejati, Qolamreza, ed., [1377] 1998. Shast sal khadamat va moghavemat: khaterat mohandes mehdi bazargan [Sixty Years of Devotion and Resistance: Mehdi Bazargan's Memoirs]. Tehran: Rasa.
  • Onuf, Nicholas, 1989. World of Our Making: Rules and Rule in Social Theory and International Relations. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Perkowich, George, 2005. Iran Is Not an Island: A Strategy To Mobilize the Neighbors, Policy Brief. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • Pollack, Kenneth, 2004. The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America. New York: Random House.
  • Poneman, Daniel, 1982. Nuclear Power in the Developing World. London: George Allen & Unwin.
  • Presidential Office, Iran, [1385] 2006. `Qarb az fanavari-e hasteie beh onvan-e abzar-e solteh estefadeh mikonad' [The West Uses Nuclear Technology as an Instrument of Domination], [2 Ordibehesht] 22 April; available at http://www.president.ir/farsi/ahmadinejad/cronicnews/1385/02/22/index-f.htm (accessed 19 August 2007).
  • Qadr Velayat Cultural Institute, [1379] 1980. Tarikh tahajom farhangi qarb: Naqsh RoshanfekranVabasteh [A History of Western Cultural Invasion: The Role of Dependent Intellectuals]. Tehran: Qadr Velayat Cultural Institute.
  • Ramazani, Rouhollah K., 1990. `Iran's Export of the Revolution: Politics, Ends, and Means', in John Esposito, ed., The Iranian Revolution: Its Global Impacts. Miami, FL: Florida International University (40—62).
  • Reuters (Tehran), 2006. `Ahmadinejad Vows Iran Will Stick to Nuclear Plans', 20 March; available at http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=1631468&C=mideast (accessed 21 March 2006).
  • Rohani, Hassan, [1383] 2004. `Khat-e Qermez; fanavari-e sookht; ba rooykard-e ta'amol-e mo'asser pish miravim' [Red Line; Fuel Cycle; Effective Interaction], Rahbord 34: 7—32.
  • Rohani, Hassan, [1384] 2005. `Paybandi ma beh regimehaye adam eshae az mozeh bavarmandi must' [Observing Non-Proliferation Regimes Is Based on Our Beliefs], Rahbord 36: 7—15.
  • Saba, Sadeq, 2005. `Iran Hardliner Heads Nuclear Team', BBC News, 8 August; available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4131694.stm (accessed 20 November 2006).
  • Sadr, Ehsaneh, 2005. `The Impact of Iran's Nuclearization on Israel ', Middle East Policy 12(2): 58—72.
  • Sahimi, Mohammad; Pirouz MojtahedZadeh & Kaveh Afrasiabi, 2003. `Iran Needs Nuclear Power', International Herald Tribune, 14 October.
  • Samii, Ahmad, [1372] 1993. Memaran tamaddon bozorg [The Architects of the Great Civilization]. Tehran: Revayat.
  • Sassani, Khan Malek, [1352] 1973. Dast penhan siasat englis dar iran [The Hidden Hand of Britain in Iran]. Tehran: Hedayat.
  • Savyon, Ayelet, 2004. `Iran Rejects the European Offer To Supply It with Nuclear Fuel', Memri Inquiry and Analysis Series No. 191; available at http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA19104 (accessed 17 August 2005).
  • Schake, Kori N. & Judith Yaphe, 2001. The Strategic Implications of a Nuclear Armed Iran, McNair Paper 64. Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies.
  • Shariati, Ali, [1357a] 1978a. Ali: Maktab, Vahdat, Edalat [Ali: Ideology, Unity, Justice]. Tehran: Qalam.
  • Shariati, Ali, [1357b] 1978b. Ommat va Emamat [Islamic Society and Leadership]. Tehran: Qalam.
  • Shariati, Ali, [1357c] 1978c. Eslamshenasi [Islamic Studies]. Tehran: Qalam.
  • Smith, Steve, 2001. `Foreign Policy Is What States Make of It: Social Construction and International Relations Theory', in Vendulka Kubalkova, ed., Foreign Policy in a Constructed World. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe (38—55).
  • Sokolski, Henry, 2004. `Introduction', in Henry Sokolski & Patrick Clawson, eds, 2004. Checking Iran's Nuclear Ambitions. Washington, DC: Strategic Studies Institute (ix—xi); available at http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB368.pdf.
  • Tabari, Ehsan; F.M. Javanshir, Massoud Akhgar, M. Kayhan, H. Ghaempanah, A. Guya & Kianoori, n.d. Panjah sal tabahkari va khianat selseleh pahlavi [Fifty Years of Pahlavis' Crimes and Betrayal]. N.p.
  • Tait, Robert, 2006. `Bells Ring Out on Day of Rejoicing and Patriotic Pride ', The Guardian, 13 April; available at http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/worldwide/story/0,,1752914,00.html (accessed 20 November 2006).
  • Takeyh, Roy, 2004—05. `Iran Builds the Bomb', Survival 46(4): 51—64.
  • Tarock, Adam, 1999. Iran's Foreign Policy Since 1990: Pragmatism Supersedes Islamic Ideology. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
  • Teimoori, Ebrahim, [1332] 1953. Asr bikhabari ya tarikh emtiazat dar iran [Era of Ignorance or the History of Concessions in Iran]. Tehran: Eghbal.
  • Telhami, Shebley & Michael Barnett, 2002. `Introduction: Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East', in Shebley Telhami & Michael Barnett, eds, Identity and Foreign Policy in the Middle East. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press (1—25).
  • Velayati, Ali Akbar, [1361] 1982. Majmoo sokhanranihaye doctor velayati vazir omoor kharejeh jomhoori eslami iran dar majame'e beinolmelali [Lectures by Dr Velayati, the Foreign Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, in International Forums]. Tehran: Publishing Unit of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  • Walt, Stephen, 1987. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of International Politics. New York: Random House.
  • Wendt, Alexander, 1992. `Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics', International Organization 46(2): 391—425.[Web of Science]
  • Wendt, Alexander, 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Security Dialogue, Vol. 38, No. 4, 521-543 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0967010607084999


Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Moshirzadeh, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?